Cinematography
The art and technique of capturing visual images on camera for film, including lighting, framing, and camera movement.
Definition
Cinematography encompasses all the visual decisions that determine how a film looks on screen. This includes camera placement, lens selection, lighting design, camera movement, framing, composition, and color. The cinematographer — also called the Director of Photography (DP) — leads the camera and lighting departments.
Beyond technical execution, cinematography is a storytelling tool. The visual choices made by the DP communicate mood, character psychology, time period, and narrative emphasis in ways that complement the script and direction.
Why It Matters
Cinematography is one of the most powerful tools for emotional storytelling in film. The way a scene is lit and framed fundamentally shapes how audiences experience the story, often subconsciously guiding attention and emotion.
For productions of any budget, strong cinematography elevates the final product. A well-shot independent film can compete visually with studio productions, and distinctive visual style helps projects stand out in crowded streaming catalogs.
Examples in Practice
A cinematographer uses natural light and handheld cameras to create an intimate, documentary feel for a drama that goes on to win the Academy Award for Best Cinematography.
A horror film DP uses extreme low-angle shots and desaturated color grading to create an unsettling atmosphere that becomes the film's signature visual identity.
A commercial cinematographer lights a product using a single overhead source, creating dramatic shadows that make a simple product shot look premium and cinematic.